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KILL(2) FreeBSD System Calls Manual KILL(2)
NAME kill - send signal to a process
LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS #include <sys/types.h> #include <signal.h>
int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
DESCRIPTION The kill() system call sends the signal given by sig to pid, a process or a group of processes. The sig argument may be one of the signals specified in sigaction(2) or it may be 0, in which case error checking is performed but no signal is actually sent. This can be used to check the validity of pid.
For a process to have permission to send a signal to a process designated by pid, the user must be the super-user, or the real or saved user ID of the receiving process must match the real or effective user ID of the sending process. A single exception is the signal SIGCONT, which may always be sent to any process with the same session ID as the sender. In addition, if the security.bsd.conservative_signals sysctl(9) is set to 1, the user is not a super-user, and the receiver is set-uid, then only job control and terminal control signals may be sent (in particular, only SIGKILL, SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGALRM, SIGSTOP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, SIGTSTP, SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2).
If pid is greater than zero: The sig signal is sent to the process whose ID is equal to pid.
If pid is zero: The sig signal is sent to all processes whose group ID is equal to the process group ID of the sender, and for which the process has permission; this is a variant of killpg(2).
If pid is -1: If the user has super-user privileges, the signal is sent to all processes excluding system processes (with P_SYSTEM flag set), process with ID 1 (usually init(8)), and the process sending the signal. If the user is not the super user, the signal is sent to all processes which the caller has permissions to, excluding the process sending the signal. No error is returned if any process could be signaled.
If the process number is negative but not -1, the signal is sent to all processes whose process group ID is equal to the absolute value of the process number. This is a variant of killpg(2).
RETURN VALUES The kill() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.

[EPERM] The sending process does not have permission to send sig to any receiving process.
SEE ALSO getpgrp(2), getpid(2), killpg(2), sigaction(2), sigqueue(2), raise(3), init(8)
STANDARDS The kill() system call is expected to conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-1990 ("POSIX.1").
HISTORY A version of the kill() function appeared in Version 3 AT&T UNIX. The signal number was added to the kill() function in Version 4 AT&T UNIX.
FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p11 December 1, 2019 FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p11