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DEVFS(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual DEVFS(8)
NAME devfs - DEVFS control
SYNOPSIS devfs [-m mount-point] keyword argument ...
DESCRIPTION The devfs utility provides an interface to manipulate properties of devfs(5) mounts.
The rules, by default as configured by /etc/rc.conf, are loaded at boot via the devfs service(8). The rules can be reloaded by running the command:
service devfs restart
The keyword argument determines the context for the rest of the arguments. For example, most of the commands related to the rule subsystem must be preceded by the rule keyword. The following flags are common to all keywords:
-m mount-point Operate on mount-point, which is expected to be a devfs(5) mount. If this option is not specified, devfs operates on /dev.
Rule Subsystem The devfs(5) rule subsystem provides a way for the administrator of a system to control the attributes of DEVFS nodes. Each DEVFS mount-point has a "ruleset", or a list of rules, associated with it. When a device driver creates a new node, all the rules in the ruleset associated with each mount-point are applied (see below) before the node becomes visible to the userland. This permits the administrator to change the properties, including the visibility, of certain nodes. For example, one might want to hide all disk nodes in a jail(2)'s /dev.
Rule Manipulation Rule manipulation commands follow the rule keyword. The following flags are common to all of the rule manipulation commands:
-s ruleset Operate on the ruleset with the number ruleset. If this is not specified, the commands operate on the ruleset currently associated with the specified mount-point.
The following commands are recognized:
rule add [rulenum] rulespec Add the rule described by rulespec (defined below) to the ruleset. The rule has the number rulenum if it is explicitly specified; otherwise, the rule number is automatically determined by the kernel.
rule apply rulenum | rulespec Apply rule number rulenum or the rule described by rulespec to the mount-point. Rules that are "applied" have their conditions checked against all nodes in the mount-point and the actions taken if they match.

rule show [rulenum] Display the rule number rulenum, or all the rules in the ruleset. The output lines (one line per rule) are expected to be valid rulespecs.
rule showsets Report the numbers of existing rulesets.
ruleset ruleset Set ruleset number ruleset as the current ruleset for the mount-point.
Rule Specification Rules have two parts: the conditions and the actions. The conditions determine which DEVFS nodes the rule matches and the actions determine what should be done when a rule matches a node. For example, a rule can be written that sets the GID to "operator" for all devices of type tape. If the first token of a rule specification is a single dash (`-'), rules are read from the standard input and the rest of the specification is ignored.
The following conditions are recognized. Conditions are ANDed together when matching a device; if OR is desired, multiple rules can be written.
path pattern Matches any node with a path that matches pattern, which is interpreted as a glob(3)-style pattern.
type devtype Matches any node that is of type devtype. Valid types are disk, mem, tape and tty.
The following actions are recognized. Although there is no explicit delimiter between conditions and actions, they may not be intermixed.
group gid Set the GID of the node to gid, which may be a group name (looked up in /etc/group) or number.
hide Hide the node. Nodes may later be revived manually with mknod(8) or with the unhide action. Hiding a directory node effectively hides all of its child nodes.
include ruleset Apply all the rules in ruleset number ruleset to the node. This does not necessarily result in any changes to the node (e.g., if none of the rules in the included ruleset match). Include commands in the referenced ruleset are not resolved.
mode filemode Set the file mode to filemode, which is interpreted as in chmod(1).
user uid Set the UID to uid, which may be a user name (looked up in /etc/passwd) or number.
unhide Unhide the node. If the node resides in a subdirectory, all parent directory nodes must be visible to be able to access the node.
IMPLEMENTATION NOTES Rulesets are created by the kernel at the first reference and destroyed when the last reference disappears. E.g., a ruleset is created when a rule is added to it or when it is set as the current ruleset for a mount-
Rules and rulesets are unique to the entire system, not a particular mount-point. I.e., a showsets will return the same information regardless of the mount-point specified with -m. The mount-point is only relevant when changing what its current ruleset is or when using one of the apply commands.
FILES /etc/defaults/devfs.rules Default devfs configuration file. /etc/devfs.rules Local devfs configuration file. Rulesets in here override those in /etc/defaults/devfs.rules with the same ruleset number, otherwise the two files are effectively merged. /etc/devfs.conf Boot-time devfs configuration file. /usr/share/examples/etc/devfs.conf Example boot-time devfs configuration file.
EXAMPLES When the system boots, the only ruleset that exists is ruleset number 0; since the latter may not be modified, we have to create another ruleset before adding rules. Note that since most of the following examples do not specify -m, the operations are performed on /dev (this only matters for things that might change the properties of nodes).
Specify that ruleset 10 should be the current ruleset for /dev (if it does not already exist, it is created):
devfs ruleset 10
Add a rule that causes all nodes that have a path that matches "speaker" (this is only /dev/speaker) to have the file mode 666 (read and write for all). Note that if any such nodes already exist, their mode will not be changed unless this rule (or ruleset) is explicitly applied (see below). The mode will be changed if the node is created after the rule is added (e.g., the atspeaker module is loaded after the above rule is added):
devfs rule add path speaker mode 666
Apply all the rules in the current ruleset to all the existing nodes. E.g., if the below rule was added after /dev/speaker was created, this command will cause its file mode to be changed to 666 as prescribed by the rule:
devfs rule applyset
For all devices with a path that matches "snp*", set the file mode to 660 and the GID to "snoopers". This permits users in the "snoopers" group to use the snp(4) devices (quoting the argument to path is often necessary to disable the shell's globbing features):
devfs rule add path snp* mode 660 group snoopers
Add a rule to ruleset number 20. Since this ruleset is not the current ruleset for any mount-points, this rule is never applied automatically (unless ruleset 20 becomes a current ruleset for some mount-point at a later time):

Since the following rule has no conditions, the action (hide) will be applied to all nodes:
devfs rule apply hide
Since hiding all nodes is not very useful, we can undo it. The following applies unhide to all the nodes, causing them to reappear:
devfs rule apply unhide
Add all the rules from the file my_rules to ruleset 10:
devfs rule -s 10 add - < my_rules
The below copies all the rules from ruleset 20 into ruleset 10. The rule numbers are preserved, but ruleset 10 may already have rules with non- conflicting numbers (these will be preserved). Since show outputs valid rules, this feature can be used to copy rulesets:
devfs rule -s 20 show | devfs rule -s 10 add -
SEE ALSO chmod(1), jail(2), glob(3), devfs(5), devfs.conf(5), devfs.rules(5), chown(8), jail(8), mknod(8), service(8)
HISTORY The devfs utility first appeared in FreeBSD 5.0.
AUTHORS Dima Dorfman
FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p11 December 1, 2020 FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE-p11